When your child reaches the toddler stage you may discover that he has more energy, is more active,
and less disciplined than most other kids of comparable age. At first you'll be pleased that he is
outgoing and alert, not lethargic and withdrawn. Then, after chasing him day after day from one
exploratory mishap to another, you may find that your reservoir of patience and stamina has been
exhausted. That's when you'll begin to wonder whether his boundless energy is a blessing, after all.
You may even worry that his behavior is abnormal; that he is "hyperactive" or a victim of "attention
deficit disorder" (ADD), "learning disability" (LD), or "minimal brain damage" (MBD), all of which
are so often diagnosed today.

My purpose in this chapter is to warn you of the hazards of making that diagnosis yourself, and of
letting anyone else - doctor, teacher, or friend -do it for you. Once your child is given one of
these labels there is a strong probability that he may be subjected to some unacceptable risks.

Professional counseling and drug treatment for children who exhibit exaggerated but perfectly normal
developmental behavior has become almost epidemic in the United States. Largely because of pressure
from school authorities, many American parents have lost faith in the legitimacy of their own
decisions and in the accumulated wisdom of their parents, relatives, and friends. They've been led
to believe that doctors and mental health professionals have the only answers to questions that
previous generations answered quite effectively themselves.

If kids were made with cookie cutters, like the gingerbread man, norms could be set for your child's
developmental behavior and the level of activity that he should display. Happily, they're not, with
the result that no two children are precisely alike. That's frustrating for teachers, doctors, and
every other professional who believes that everything in life should go by the book. It is not
uncommon today for a child who is so active and inattentive that he gives his teacher fits to be
diagnosed as "hyperactive" or "brain-damaged", treated with depressive chemicals, and isolated in the
"learning lab" at school.

The possibility that your exceptionally active but perfectly normal child could be branded with one
of these derogatory labels - none of which has a valid scientific definition - is not remote. The
number of children who have suffered this fate has risen by 500,000 in the last five years. It could
happen to your child if he displays some of these behaviors, which are on the checklists that
psychologists use: doesn't always listen to directions; fidgets and won't sit still; daydreams in
class; butts into situations that are none of his business; is slow getting ready for school; shows
off when other children are around; or is more physically active than the other children in his class.

Your reaction to that list is probably the same as mine. I would begin to worry if a child didn't
display most of those behaviors. Then I'd devote my attention to trying to diagnose why he is behaving
like a vegetable! But when he does display them, the mental health professionals are likely to give
him drugs that often do turn him into something resembling a vegetable!

Avoid Drugs for Behavior Modification
If some of your child's behavior is more exaggerated and thus more annoying than that of other
children you know, don't endanger him by exposing him to therapy or drugs. Instead, search for the
environmental factors - at home, in school, or among his peers - that may be causing emotional
problems. What pressures on your child are producing the behavior patterns that are unacceptable to
his teachers and to you? Search also for dietary allergies that may be at the heart of his problems.
Meanwhile, try to relieve some of the emotional pressure that his behavior is causing, provide strong
emotional support at home, and let him know that he has you on his side when he encounters trouble
outside your home.

In my experience, if it is carried out objectively and thoroughly, this approach usually works.
Certainly, if it does, it is a desirable alternative to professional counseling that may cause your
child to be labeled hyperactive, MBD, or ADD. If that happens, your child's school will probably
place him in a special education program and assign him to a "learning. laboratory", which will brand
him as inferior among his peers. (In some schools the learning lab is derisively labeled - by the kids
who aren't in it - as the "loony lab"!)

I don't believe any child deserves that fate simply because he is harder to manage or harder to teach
than the others in his class. This should concern you, but you should be even more concerned if
psychoactive drugs, such as Ritalin or Cylert, are prescribed for your child. Educators and doctors
who label a child hyperactive or learning disabled, and then suggest treating him with chemicals,
always defend their recommendations by asserting that it will improve the child's ability to learn.
They know that you will respond to this more positively than to their true motivation, which is to
drug your child into near-somnolence so he will be more manageable and less of a nuisance in the
classroom.

No one has ever been able to demonstrate that drugs such as Cylert and Ritalin improve the academic
performance of the children who take them. The major effect of Ritalin and similar drugs is on the
short-term manageability of hyperkinetic behavior. The pupil is drugged to make life easier for his
teacher, not to make it better and more productive for the child. If your child is the victim, the
potential risks of these drugs are a high price to pay to make his teacher more comfortable.

Dangerous Side Effects of Ritalin
What are the risks to your child if he is put on Ritalin or a similar drug? First, there is ample
evidence that they are prescribed inappropriately, administered carelessly, and have side effects
that are dangerous in themselves. Add to that the fact that they obviate the need and the incentive
to discover what is really troubling your child, and you have a package that exemplifies contemporary
medical practice and educational policy at their worst.

In the prescribing information for Ritalin that the manufacturer, Ciba-Geigy, supplied for the
Physician's Desk Reference, the company acknowledges that it does not know how Ritalin works or how
its effects relate to the condition of the central nervous system. It warns against the use of the
drug in children under the age of six and admits that its long-term safety is unknown. It also notes
that suppression of growth in those who take the drug has been noted in some cases and that there is
some clinical evidence that it may provoke convulsive seizures in some patients.

The prescribing information then goes on to the potential side effects, which are so frightening that
I will quote them directly from the book (the italicized phrases are mine) "Nervousness and insomnia
are the most common adverse reactions but are usually controlled by reducing dosage and omitting the
drug in the afternoon and the evening. Other reactions include hypersensitivity (including skin rash),
urticaria [swollen, itching patches of skin], fever, arthralgia, exfoliative dermatitis [scaly
patches of skin], erythema multiforme [an acute inflammatory skin disease], with histopathological
findings of necrotizing vasculitis [destruction of blood vessels], and thrombocytopenic purpura [a
serious blood clotting disorder], anorexia, nausea, dizziness, palpitations; headache; dyskinesia
[impairment of voluntary muscle movement], drowsiness, blood pressure and pulse changes, both up and
down; tachycardia [rapid heartbeat], angina [spasmodic attacks of intense heart pain], cardiac
arrhythmia [irregular heartbeat,; abdominal pain, and weight loss during prolonged therapy.

There have been rare reports of Tourette's syndrome. Toxic psychosis has been reported in patients
taking this drug; leukopenia [reduction in white blood cells] and/or anemia; and a few instances of
scalp hair loss. In children, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss during prolonged therapy,
insomnia, and tachycardia may occur more frequently; however, any of the other adverse reactions
listed above may also occur."

This is the kind of information about a drug that the manufacturer is compelled by law to share with
the doctors who will prescribe it. Unfortunately, there is no law requiring that the doctors who
prescribe the drug share the information about its potentially damaging or fatal effects with you.
That is why I have provided so much information about Ritalin, which applies, as well, to its
counterparts.

If your child's teacher, school principal, counselor, or pediatrician attempts to pressure you into
accepting chemical treatment for your child’s behavior patterns, reject the advice out of hand. There
is no benefit that justifies the risks, nor can they be justified in order to spare his teacher the
annoyance of having him talk out of turn or squirm in his seat.

Look for Emotional Pressures as Cause
Don't accept a teacher's assessment of your child's behavioral shortcomings without investigating
whether they may be the result of his or her interaction with him. Irreconcilable personality
conflicts are not uncommon, and if one exists between your child and his teacher, the teacher may be
the problem if he or she is not dealing equitably and sympathetically with your child. In that case
the answer is to change teachers, not to use drugs to try to alter the behavior of the pupil.

While you are endeavoring to correct any conditions that are causing problems for your child at
school, look for others that may be troubling him at home. If he is insecure because of stress among
other family members, try to resolve those problems or at least avoid exposing him to the tensions
that exist. If there are difficulties with his playmates or others outside your home, try to resolve
those. Then turn your attention to the possibility that his hyperactive behavior may stem from
allergies to food or other substances. There is substantial evidence that nutritional approaches may
succeed in improving his emotional condition and behavior.

I must caution you that your pediatrician may not be sympathetic to this approach. The late Dr.
Benjamin Feingold, the pioneer of dietary control of hyperactive behavior, encountered great
skepticism from others in the medical profession. That's not surprising, because doctors chronically
reject non-medical solutions to problems they believe belong to them. Don't let that discourage you.
Nervous system symptoms related to food hypersensitivity have been described by one observer after
another for at least half a century. More recently, there has been a mass of clinical evidence which
demonstrates that the Feingold diet does work with many children.

Dr. Feingold, who was chief of the allergy clinics of the Kaiser Foundation in California, zeroed in
on chemical food additives - colorings, flavorings, preservatives, stabilizers, and others - as the
principal contributors to hyperactive behavior. He recommended eliminating these chemicals from the
diet by substituting natural foods for the highly-processed items found in most American pantries and
refrigerators. There is overwhelming clinical evidence that this approach is often successful.

Dr. Feingold's results have been duplicated by many others. Dr. William G. Crook, a pediatrician and
allergist at the Children's Clinic in Jackson, Tennessee, reported on another study at a food allergy
symposium. He said that hyperactivity was related to food allergy in about three-fourths of the cases
in a study of more than 100 children who were overactive.

Dr. Crook observed precisely what Dr. Feingold and many parents have experienced: children can be
helped by using elimination diets to identify offending foods. He identified milk and refined cane
sugar as the leading culprits in a list that also included corn, wheat, eggs, soy, citrus, and other
items.

If you have an overactive child with behavior problems, don't turn to drugs prescribed by your doctor
until you have determined what success you have with food you can buy from your grocer!

Question Diagnosis of Brain Damage
You should also be extremely wary of any suggestion that your child's behavior patterns stem from
some form of brain damage or disorder. These conditions do exist in some children, of course, but the
number is far fewer than the number of such cases that are diagnosed. Psychiatry is such an imprecise
science, if it can be called a science, that its practitioners rarely agree on a diagnosis.
Experiments have been conducted which show that psychologists and psychiatrists can be expected to
agree with each other on a diagnosis only about 54 percent of the time. That's so close to the law of
averages that you could consult a cabdriver and a carpenter and get the same result.

Nevertheless, on the basis of questionable diagnosis, your child may be recommended for psychotherapy
if his behavior varies from what the mental health practitioner chooses to consider the "norm".
Children who are correctly diagnosed as having brain or neurological damage or actual psychoses may
benefit from treatment, of course. But short of that, there is little evidence that psychological
counseling helps, and considerable evidence that it may actually aggravate a child's
psychological/emotional problems.

The inadequacies of psychotherapy have been revealed repeatedly in follow-up studies of populations
that exposed to psychiatric treatment. One well-known study points out that the spontaneous remission
rate in patients with psychiatric conditions is 70 percent for both adults and children. Another
study, reporting on a 20-year follow-up of patients at the University of Wisconsin, compared patients
who were counseled with those who applied for but never received counseling. The most positive
conclusion the study could reach was that counseling seemed to do no harm!

Another study of youths in Cambridge and Somerville, Massachusetts, was even less reassuring. It
compared a group that had been counseled for five years, on a one-to-one basis with a personal
counselor, to another group that received no therapy at all. Almost without exception, psychological
therapy appeared to have a negative effect on these youngsters in later life. Begun in 1939, this
30-year follow-up found a solid correlation between therapy and criminal behavior. More of the men
who had received psychotherapy as youths were convicted of serious crimes and multiple crimes than
those who had no treatment at all. Those who had the longest and most frequent contact with counselors
had the highest incidence of antisocial and criminal behavior.

Finally, a 1980 review of 120 studies of psychotherapy for juvenile delinquents found that those who
received counseling fared worse, in terms of subsequent behavior, than those who didn't. A report on
this research in the Toronto Globe & Mail summed it up in this paragraph:
"If you want to stop a juvenile delinquent from robbing, raping, and clubbing people,
don't send him to a social worker, a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a group home, or
a therapeutic community, and don't make any efforts to counsel his family either.
They all fail and some may even make him more violent than when he began."

There are, to be sure, some specific childhood mental and neurological disorders that stem from brain
and neurological damage. Many of them are the consequence of medical interventions that I have
discussed earlier in this book, e.g., cerebral-palsy, Down's syndrome, Tourette's syndrome, autism,
etc.

If your child is the victim of one of these conditions, professional help is appropriate, if for no
other reason than to explore innovative treatment that may appear - such as the nutritional
supplementation methods in the management of mongolism and other causes of mental retardation
pioneered by Detroit's Henry Turkel, M.D., and Ruth Harrell, M.D., of Old Dominion University.
However, if your child is suffering from this kind of condition rather than behavioral manifestations
that simply make him more difficult to manage than other children you’ll know the difference. Your
best course is to seek professional help when it is clearly needed, but to avoid it if you are told
that your child is suffering from a "learning disability", an "attention deficit disorder", or some
other vaguely defined condition. The mental health professionals have yet to prove that any of these
alleged disorders even exists!
 

Chapter 18,
How To Raise a Healthy Child... In Spite of Your Doctor.
New York: Ballantine Books, 1990.
Reprinted by without permission on this site.

Dr. Robert Mendelsohn received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Chicago. He was an instructor at Northwest University Medical College, and served as Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Community Health and Preventive Medicine at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. He was also President of the National Health Federation, former National Director of Project Head Start Medical Consultation Service, and Chairman of the Medical Licensing Committee of the State of Illinois. His highly-regarded books include Confessions of a Medical Heretic, Male Practice: How Doctors Manipulate Women, and How To Raise a Healthy Child... In Spite of Your Doctor.